One of the more common forms of cyber-attack is that of a Business E-Mail Compromise – when the email account of either a buyer or seller (or both) is compromised by a hacker who then spoofs one or both of the parties to demand or redirect payments intended to occur between the parties to themselves. When Irvine, California technology firm Alorica, Inc. email accounts were hacked, the hackers sent fraudulent emails purporting to come from Alorica to its clients, including Express Scripts, directing the clients to pay money to what was supposed to be Alorica’s bank account, but was instead an account belonging to the hacker. In response to the fake Alorica email, Express Scripts wire transferred $4.8 million to the hacker. Other clients similarly transferred funds to the hackers, and Alorica never received the money from their customers.
Alorica had an insurance policy with Starr which covered “first party” losses resulting from a “security breach.” In January of 2018, Alorica’s insurance broker notified Alorica’s crime insurer and Starr about the Express Scripts matter, and filed a “Crime Insurance Proof of Loss” form with their crime insurer (not Starr), but provided Starr with notice of the facts of the case, which Starr treated as a “notice of circumstance” and not a “claim” against the policy.
Alorica then tried to get the unpaid invoice from Express Scripts paid either by Express Scripts or Express Scripts insurer, and Express Scripts by letter rejected the claim except to the extent that they were actually successful in recovering a bit more than $56,000 of the $4.8 million, and they remitted that amount to Alorica. Alorica passed the letter from Express Scripts to its insurer, Starr.
When Alorica’s separate crime insurer refused to pay the claim in October of 2018, Alorica turned to its cyber insurance provider to pay the “claim.” Starr refused, asserting that the notices it had received about the nature of the case and the process of the case, as well as the status of the claims under Express Scripts’ policy and Alorica’s crime policy did not constitute a “formal notice” of a claim or a “written demand for monetary or non-monetary relief or services made against Starr.”
On April 6, 2021, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in an unpublished opinion Alorica v. Starr, Dkt. No. 8:19-cv-00690-JVS-KES, found that the letter from Express Scripts to Alorica forwarded to Starr did not in fact constitute a written demand for payment by Starr under the policy. Thus, despite the fact that Alorica had cyber insurance coverage from Starr which might have covered the $4.8 million in losses, and despite the fact that Starr had been notified of the facts which constituted the basis of the covered losses (that there was a security breach, the breach resulted in fraud losses, and that these losses could not be recovered by other parties), the failure of Alorica to formally and in writing file a “claim” against the policy, specifically demanding payment or some other remedy was fatal to its proposed recovery.
The lesson from this case is that it is not enough that you have cyber insurance, and that you check that the policy covers you for fraud losses, crime losses, breach losses, data destruction and ransomware losses, as well as things like ID fraud and theft, Business Email Compromise, and costs of recovery, restoration, investigation and litigation. It’s also not enough that you keep your carrier advised of any possible covered losses. It’s important at the first instance to formally and in writing file a “CLAIM” for coverage, even if you don’t yet know the full scope of the potentially covered claim. This is true even if you have multiple policies that might cover your losses, and even if your losses might be a result of some actions of a third party which might have its own insurance policies. So it’s not enough to have insurance, you also have to adhere to the procedures delineated in the policy, and provide timely and actual notice of the claim.
If you have any questions about your cyber insurance coverage or the subjects mentioned above, contact Mark Rasch (mdr@kjk.com / 301.547.6925).
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